Open access

Who Are These Guys? An Exploration of Patterns of Parenting Problems Among Fathers Who Have Maltreated Their Children

Publication: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health
8 December 2014

Abstract

Despite the high prevalence of father-perpetrated maltreatment, relatively little empirical attention has been given to fathers who abuse and/or neglect their children. The current study explored the dynamics of harmful father-child interaction that may underlie fathers’ risk for perpetrating child maltreatment. Data derived from structured interviews of 121 maltreating fathers were used to discern differential patterns of abuse-related problems in parenting. Results show that a minimum of half the fathers showed problems in each of the following areas: emotional unavailability, unresponsiveness, and neglect; negative attributions and misattributions to the child (including hostility, denigration and rejection); developmentally inappropriate or inconsistent interactions (including exposure to domestic violence); and failure to recognize or acknowledge the child's individuality and psychological boundary. These interview-rated difficulties were consistent with expected patterns of demographic risk and self-reported psychosocial difficulties. When considered together in a cluster analysis, groups of abusive fathers emerged with low (37.0%), moderate (38.4%), and severe (24.6%) levels of problems across dimensions of harmful parent-child interactions. Results are discussed in terms of assessment and intervention needed to address father-perpetrated maltreatment.

Résumé

Malgré le très grand nombre de cas de maltraitance d'enfants attribuée à des pères, les chercheurs ont jusqu’à maintenant porté peu d'attention aux pères qui maltraitent ou négligent leurs enfants. Dans cette étude, nous explorons la dynamique de certaines interactions nocives entre des pères et leurs enfants qui sont associées aux risques que ces pères maltraitent leurs enfants. Nos données proviennent d'entrevues dirigées que nous avons réalisées avec 121 pères ayant maltraité leurs enfants. Grâce aux caractéristiques des pères que nous fournissent ces données, nous avons tenté de distinguer, parmi les participants, différents types de pères. Nos résultats indiquent qu'au moins la moitié des pères avaient des problèmes liés à chacun des type de caractéristiques dont notre analyse tient compte, soit: le manque d'affection, de l'insensibilité et de la négligence; des conceptions négatives ou erronées de l'attitude des enfants qui entraînent de l'hostilité, du dénigrement et du rejet; des interactions inappropriées ou incohérentes d'un point de vue développemental, dont l'exposition à de la violence familiale; et l'incapacité à reconnaître ou à accepter l'individualité ou les limites psychologiques des enfants. L’évaluation de ces problèmes que les entrevues nous ont permis de faire correspond aux modèles qui tiennent compte des risques établis à partir de caractéristiques démographiques des pères ainsi que des difficultés psychosociales rapportées par les participants. Dans l'ensemble, l'analyse typologique montre que les pères abuseurs qui ont un problème lié aux différents types d'interactions nocives avec leurs enfants se répartissent selon les proportions suivantes: problèmes faibles (37,0%), problèmes modérés (38,4%) et problèmes graves (24,6%). Nous analysons ces résultats pour indiquer des pistes de solution en matière d’évaluation et d'intervention.

Formats available

You can view the full content in the following formats:

References

Abidin, R. R., & Konold, T. R. (1999). Parenting Alliance Measure professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Bancroft, L., & Silverman, J. G. (2002). The batterer as parent: Addressing the impact of domestic violence on family dynamics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Barotas, K. (2004). Fathers’ perceptions of their children's exposure to unhealthy parenting: The importance of acknowledging responsibility and appreciating impact. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Toronto, Canada.
Brown L., Callahan M., Strega S., Walmsley C., and Dominelli L. Manufacturing ghost fathers: The paradox of father presence and absence in child welfare Child and Family Social Work 2009 14 25 -34
Brown J., Cohen P., Johnson J. G., and Salzinger S. A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect Child Abuse & Neglect 1998 22 1065 -1078
Bugental D. B., Blue J., and Cruzcosa M. Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse Developmental Psychology 1989 26 631 -638
Bugental D. B. and Happaney K. Parent-child interaction as a power contest Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2000 21 267 -282
Buss A. H. and Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1992 63 452 -459
Cavanagh K., Dobash R. E., and Dobash R. P. The murder of children by fathers in the context of child abuse Child Abuse & Neglect 2007 31 731 -746
Cavanaugh M. M. and Gelles R. J. The utility of male domestic violence offender typologies: New directions for research, policy and practice Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2005 20 155 -166
Chaffin M., Silovsky J. F., Funderburk B., Valle L. A., Brestan E. V., Balachova T., and Bonner B. L. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004 72 500 -510
Coohey C. Physically abusive fathers and risk assessment Child Abuse & Neglect 2006 30 467 -480
Dadds M. R., Mullins M. J., McAllister R. A., and Atkinson E. Attributions, affect and behaviour in abuse-risk mothers: A laboratory study Child Abuse & Neglect 2003 27 21 -45
Davis M. H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983 44 113 -126
Dixon L., Hamilton-Giachritsis C., Browne K., and Ostapuik E. The co-occurrence of child and intimate partner maltreatment in the family: Characteristics of the violent perpetrators Journal of Family Violence 2007 22 675 -689
Dubowitz H. Where's dad? A need to understand father's role in child maltreatment Child Abuse & Neglect 2006 30 461 -465
Dubowitz H., Black M., Cox C., Kerr M., Litrownik A., Radhakrishna A., …, and Runyan D. K. Father involvement and children's functioning at age 6 years: A multisite study Child Maltreatment 2001 6 300 -309
Edleson J. L. The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering Violence Against Women 1999 5 134 -154
Eliav, J. T. (2008). Comprehensive evaluation of a three-component psychosocial protocol used to guide decisionmaking for child maltreatment concerns, developed for medical settings (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Toronto, Canada.
Featherstone B. and Fraser C. Working with fathers around domestic violence: Contemporary debates Child Abuse Review 2012 21 255 -263
Fox, G. L., & Benson, M. L. (2004). Violent men, bad dads? Fathering profiles of men involved in intimate partner violence. In R. D. Day & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement (pp. 359–384). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Francis K. J. and Wolfe D. A. Cognitive and emotional differences between abusive and non-abusive fathers Child Abuse & Neglect 2008 32 1127 -1137
Gerevich J., Bácskai E., and Czobor P. The generalizability of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire International Journal of Methods in Psychiatry Research 2007 16 124 -136
Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework Child Abuse & Neglect 2002 26 697 -714
Glaser D. How to deal with emotional abuse and neglect—Further development of a conceptual framework (FRAMEA) Child Abuse & Neglect 2011 35 866 -875
Glaser, D., Prior, V., Auty, K., & Tilki, S. (2012). Does training in a systematic approach to emotional abuse improve the quality of children's services? Research Brief, Department for Education, London, UK.
Guterman N. B. and Lee Y. The role of fathers in risk of physical child abuse and neglect: Possible pathways and unanswered questions Child Maltreatment 2005 10 136 -149
Hakman M., Chaffin M., Funderburk B., and Silovsky J. F. Change trajectories for parent-child interaction sequences during parent-child interaction therapy for child physical abuse Child Abuse & Neglect 2009 33 461 -470
Harne, L. (2011). Violent fathering and the risk to children: The need for change. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
Harris J. A. A further evaluation of the Aggression Questionnaire: Issues of validity and reliability Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997 35 1047 -1053
Hartley C. Severe domestic violence and child maltreatment: Considering child physical abuse, neglect, and failure to protect Children and Youth Services Review 2004 26 373 -392
Haskett, M. E., & Smith Scott, S. (1996, August). Subtyping of maltreating parents and their children: A step toward refining family-based interventions. In L. Peterson (Chair), Beyond parenting skills: Parent-child relationships and child maltreatment. Symposium conducted at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Haskett M. E., Smith Scott S., Grant R., Ward C. S., and Robinson C. Child-related cognitions and affective functioning of physically abusive and comparison parents Child Abuse & Neglect 2003 27 663 -686
Haskett M. E., Smith Scott S., and Ward C. S. Subgroups of physically abusive parents based on cluster analysis of parenting behavior and affect The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2004 74 436 -447
Holden G. W. and Ritchie K. L. Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems: Evidence from battered women Child Development 1991 62 311 -327
Holtzworth-Munroe A. and Stuart G. L. Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them Psychological Bulletin 1994 116 476 -497
Johnston J. R. and Campbell L. E. G. Parent-child relationships in domestic violence families disputing custody Family and Conciliation Courts Review 1993 31 282 -298
Kelly T. and Wolfe D. A. Advancing change with maltreating fathers Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004 11 116 -119
Konold T. R. and Abidin R. R. Parenting alliance: A multifactor perspective Assessment 2001 8 47 -65
Lee C. K. and Lathrop S. L. Child abuse-related homicides in New Mexico: A 6-year retrospective review Journal of Forensic Sciences 2010 55 100 -103
Maxwell N., Scourfield J., Featherstone B., Holland S., and Tolman R. Engaging fathers in child welfare services: A narrative review of recent research evidence Child and Family Social Work 2012 17 160 -169
Milner J. S. Social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents Child Abuse & Neglect 2003 27 7 -20
Oldershaw L., Walters G. C., and Hall D. K. A behavioral approach to the classification of different types of physically abusive mothers Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1989 35 255 -279 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/stable/23086372
Perel G. and Peled E. The fathering of violent men Violence Against Women 2008 14 457 -482
Perry M. A., Wells E. A., and Doran L. D. Parent characteristics in abusing and nonabusing families Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1983 12 329 -336
Phares V. Conducting nonsexist research, prevention, and treatment with fathers and mothers: A call for change Psychology of Women Quarterly 1996 20 55 -77
Pittman J. F. and Buckley R. R. Comparing maltreating fathers and mothers in terms of personal distress, interpersonal functioning and perceptions of family climate Child Abuse & Neglect 2006 30 481 -496
Reid M. J., Webster-Stratton C., and Hammond M. Follow-up of children who received the Incredible Years intervention for oppositional-defiant disorder: Maintenance and prediction of 2-year outcome Behavior Therapy 2003 34 471 -491
Salisbury E., Henning C., and Holdford R. Fathering by partner-abusive men: Attitudes on children's exposure to violence and risk factors for child abuse Child Maltreatment 2009 14 232 -242
Scott, K. L., & Coolbear, J. (2001). The Psychosocial Risk Assessment Interview. Toronto, ON: Hospital for Sick Children.
Scott K. L. and Crooks C. Effecting change in maltreating fathers: Critical principles for intervention planning Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004 11 95 -111
Scott K. L. and Crooks C. Preliminary evaluation of an intervention program for maltreating fathers Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 2007 7 224 -238
Scott, K. L., & Mederos, F. (2011). Parenting interventions for men who batter. National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women.
Sidebotham P., Bailey S., Belderson P., and Brandon M. Fatal child maltreatment in England, 2005–2009 Child Abuse & Neglect 2011 35 299 -306
Sinha, M. (2012). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2010. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1A-68.
Sloan M. P. and Meier J. H. Typology for parents of abused children Child Abuse &Neglect 1983 7 443 -450
Smith Slep A. M. and O'Leary S. G. Parent and partner violence in families with young children: Rates, patterns, and connections Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005 73 435 -444
Statistics Canada. (2009). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada, 85-224-X. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-224-x/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf
Stewart, L. (2004). Fathers’ recognition and prioritization of needs with the father-child relationship: Development and validation of the Balance of Needs Measure (BONM) (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Toronto, Canada.
Stith S. M., Liu T., Davies L. C., Boykin E. L., Alder M. C., Harris J. M., …, and Dees J. Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature Aggression and Violent Behavior 2009 14 13 -29
Strega S., Fleet C., Brown L., Dominelli L., Callahan M., and Walmsley C. Connecting father absence and mother blame in child welfare policies and practice Children and Youth Services Review 2008 30 705 -716
Stover C. S. Fathers for change: A new approach to working with fathers who perpetrate intimate partner violence Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 2013 41 65 -71 Retrieved from http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/433585
Stover C. S., Easton C., and McMahon T. Parenting of men with co-occurring intimate partner violence and substance abuse Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2013 28 2290 -2314
Tolan P., Gorman-Smith D., and Henry D. Family violence Annual Reviews of Psychology 2006 57 557 -583
Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Black, T., Fast, E.,… Holroyd, H. (2010). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2008 (CIS 2008):Major findings. Ottawa, ON: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Williams T. Y., Boyd J. C., Cascardi M. A., and Poythress N. Factor structure and convergent validity of the Aggression Questionnaire in an offender population Psychological Assessment 1996 8 398 -403
Yampolskaya S., Greenbaum P. E., and Berson I. R. Profiles of child maltreatment perpetrators and risk for fatal assault: A latent class analysis Journal of Family Violence 2009 24 337 -348
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2013). Child maltreatment 2012. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment
Zanoni L., Warburton W., Bussey K., and McMaugh A. Fathers as ‘core business’ in child welfare practice and research: An interdisciplinary review Children and Youth Services Review 2013 35 1055 -1070

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health
Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health
Volume 33Number 2December 2014
Pages: 67 - 83

History

Version of record online: 8 December 2014

Key Words

  1. child abuse
  2. maltreatment
  3. father
  4. domestic violence
  5. emotional abuse
  6. cluster analysis

Mots-clés

  1. violence envers les enfants
  2. maltraitance
  3. pères
  4. violence familiale
  5. violence psychologique
  6. analyse typologique

Authors

Affiliations

Laura-Lynn Stewart
Katreena Scott

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

There are no citations for this item

View Options

View options

PDF

View PDF

Get Access

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media